Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is an aggressive, creeping perennial weed that infests crops, pastures, rangeland, roadsides and noncrop areas.Generally, infestations start on disturbed ground, including ditch banks, overgrazed pastures, tilled fields or abandoned sites.Canada thistle reduces forage consumption in pastures and rangeland because cattle typically will not graze near infestations.One plant can colonize an area 3 to 6 feet in diameter in one or two years.Canada thistle grows in a variety of soils and can tolerate up to 2 percent salt content.It is most competitive in deep, well-aerated, productive, cool soils.It usually occurs in 17-to 35-inch annual precipitation zones or where soil moisture is adequate.It is less common in light, dry soils.A survey conducted in 1998 showed Colorado has about 400,000 acres infested with Canada thistle. PhenologyEmergence.Canada thistle develops from seed or vegetative buds in its root system.Horizontal roots may extend 15 feet or more and vertical roots may grow 6 to 15 feet deep.Canada thistle emerges from its root system in mid-to late spring (late April through May) and forms rosettes (Figure 1).The greatest flush of root-derived plants occurs in spring, but another flush occurs in fall.A flush can occur anytime during the growing season when soil moisture is adequate.This is particularly a problem when Canada thistle growth is disturbed by tillage or herbicides.This feature can be manipulated to the land manager's advantage.Plants that germinate from seed do so at about the same time as rootderived shoots.Seedlings grow slowly and are sensitive to competition, particularly if shaded.Canada thistle seedlings develop a perennial habit (the ability to reproduce from their root systems) about seven to eight weeks after germination.Reproduction and spread.Canada thistle begins to flower in late spring to early summer in response to 14-to 16-hour days.Plants are male or female (dioecious) and grow in circular patches that often are one clone and sex.Female flowers produce a sweet odor and insects readily pollinate different sexed patches up to 200 feet apart.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".