Offshore Wind: Can the United States Catch up with Europe?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Efforts are underway to bring more offshore wind capacity to the United States. The first U.S. offshore wind farm is scheduled to come online in the fourth quarter of 2016 at Block Island, a small island 12 miles off the coast of Rhode Island. The Block Island project, run by Deepwater Wind, will be much smaller than European installations, with just five wind turbines generating 30 MW, enough to power 17,000 homes. The six-megawatt turbines will be some of the tallest in the world, rising 589 feet above sea level. They are being supplied by Alstom, a French company that was recently acquired by General Electric. 10 The Block Island project will serve as a pilot for Deepwater Wind, which is planning a larger, 1,000+ MW capacity project in the area called Deepwater ONE. These projects are just the beginning for the U.S. offshore wind industry, with the federal government predicting the United States will have 22,000 megawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030. However, it remains to be seen if the United States can duplicate the European Union's broad success with offshore wind production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.095 | 0.025 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".