Parametric Study on the Ventilation Configuration for a Section of a Tunnel in the Event of a Fire
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To evaluate the in-place emergency ventilation strategies of an existing road tunnel, CFD simulations have been carried out for a number of fire scenarios. The objective of these simulations is to gain insight into the effect of different ventilation configurations on fire-induced flows and conditions in the tunnel, on the fire growth, thermal condition and species concentrations at different locations in the tunnel. To conduct these simulations, only one section of the tunnel was simulated to optimize the cost of computations.The CFD simulations indicated that when the side upper supply vents are open, higher temperatures and CO2 concentrations are observed in the evacuation path. In the roadway area, a smoke back-layering phenomenon was observed which may delay the removal of combustion gases and heat. In addition, a higher temperature was estimated at a height of 1.5 m compared to other scenarios. It was concluded that the opening of the upper supply vents delayed smoke removal and, consequently, increased hazardous situations in both the roadway and escape paths.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".