Population Structure of Culex tarsalis in the Western United States and Prevalence of Permethrin Resistance in Southern California Populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Culex tarsalis is a major public health concern as it transmits viral pathogens causing encephalitis in humans, birds, and animals. This study aims to shed light on the genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles of Cx. tarsalis populations, particularly in the western United States where it plays a key role in transmitting viruses like western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV).Using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data collected from 32 populations across 13 states and two locations in Canada, this research identified major clusters as: (i) Coachella, (ii) Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain, and coastal California, and (iii) Midwest and desert southwest. Gene flow among neighboring populations was found to be widespread, thought to be facilitated by movement of mosquitoes among adjacent populations. Prevalence of permethrin resistance in female Cx. tarsalis was explored from five field sites across two regions in Riverside County with individual mosquitoes categorized based on their survival time post-exposure diagnostic dose of permethrin. Significant variation in resistance levels between populations from the Coachella Valley and the Inland Valley were identified and could potentially be attributed to differences in insecticide usage regionally. Additionally, the impact of age and sex on susceptibility to permethrin for Cx. tarsalis was explored. Older mosquitoes exhibited lower survival rates while similar survival rates were seen between males and females. The presence of knockdown resistance mutations (kdr) was assessed from mosquitoes tested in previous bottle bioassays using melt curve analysis and sequencing. All mosquitoes displaying resistance contained at least one copy of the phenylalanine (F) mutation. The challenges in accurately identifying heterozygous genotypes using melt curve analysis was examined. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles of Cx. tarsalis populations. Continued monitoring and research efforts are crucial for effective mosquito control strategies and the management of insecticide resistance. Moreover, this study underscores the need for innovative approaches to combat the development of resistance and mitigate public health risks associated with mosquito-borne diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".