Praying for the republic: Buddhist education, student monks, and citizenship in modern China (1911-1949)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dissertation is a study of the emergence and impact of modern educational institutions in Chinese Buddhism.My aim is twofold: 1) to produce a history of modern monastic education in China; and 2) to investigate the intended outcomes of this new system of education as shown in the student-monks it produced.Focusing on identity formation, I examine the production of a collective identity -the student-monk -within and outside of the Buddhist academies (foxueyuan).Student-monks were those who identified with the imagined community formed around modern Buddhist academies and, more importantly, Buddhist periodicals that were widely circulated during the Republican period.I argue that this collective identity was indispensable to the young monks' creation of a distinctly Buddhist citizenship, which allowed them to engage and negotiate with the nation-state in a series of encounters.In other words, student-monks were both the products of a reformulated Buddhism-state relation and agents for that very transformation in twentieth-century China.I maintain that the emergence of studentmonks as both an actual and imagined community is crucial to our understanding of the development of modern Chinese Buddhism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".