Proportional Manipulation of Produced Words Tests the Distinctiveness and Strength Accounts of the Production Effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The production effect occurs when producing items enhances memory relative to reading items silently.Although the most common mode of production used in research has been "reading aloud", singing, mouthing, whispering, writing, typing, and spelling out also produce a memory advantage.Distinctiveness and strength of encoding have both been offered as explanations for the memory enhancement.Production, relative to silent reading, makes items distinctive and therefore, memorable.Production increases memory traces at encoding (strength).Two experiments (N = 272) tested the distinctiveness and strength accounts by manipulating the proportion of words produced at study.Experiment 1 involved the production method of reading aloud in a classroom setting.Experiment 2 involved the production method of writing, tested in a classroom setting, small groups, and individuals.Our results were consistent with both accounts; however, neither account can explain our full data pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".