Screening rock ptarmigan populations in Tyrol for family associations and population genetic structure using two types of genetic markers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) inhabits a wide range of habitats, reaching from arctic and subarctic zones to northern deserts, as well as alpine regions, exhibiting remarkable adaptability to harsh climates. Research indicates genetic variation among subspecies, reflecting evolutionary divergence during the late Ice Age. Environmental shifts, including climate warming, pose challenges for this species by impacting its habitat and population dynamics, making it crucial to understand the genetic structure and familial relationships within these populations. Using a non-invasive sampling strategy, that is, collecting faeces and feathers, this study examines the familial structure and genetic characteristics of the rock ptarmigan in selected regions of Austria, Tyrol, in the Nature Park Karwendel, at Nordkette Innsbruck (IBK) and in the Nature Park Zillertal (NPZ). Of 231 individuals genotyped, 205 individuals (IBK: 74, NPZ: 131) were sexed via microsatellite analysis. A maximum likelihood approach implemented in the software COLONY revealed complete family units and recognized fathers, mothers, and offspring in IBK and NPZ. For the region IBK, four genotypes were identified as fathers, four as mothers, and 18 as offspring, averaging 2.7 offspring per father and 2.8 per mother. For the region NPZ, seven genotypes were determined as fathers, six as mothers, and 26 as offspring, with an average of 2.8 offspring per father and 2.3 per mother. Based on sample locations, minimal and maximal distances between offspring and their parents were calculated, ranging from zero m to 4480 m in IBK and ranging from 183 m to 2962 m in NPZ. A stretch of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) was used for estimating evolutionary divergence and constructing a phylogenetic tree. Additional COI sequences, including samples from Russia, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Canada, and USA, were taken into account and highlighted genetic clustering within populations. Haplotype network analysis identified 11 distinct clusters. Three haplotypes were identified in Austria. The results of this study form an important contribution to get a better understanding on familial structures and population genetic structure of the species Lagopus muta ssp. helvetica in selected regions of Tyrol. Furthermore, the molecular comparison of the collected samples creates a valuable comparison of two populations that are geographically separated through the Inn Valley.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".