Study of sphingomyelin and ceramide model membrane phase behavior using deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sphingomyelin is a major constituent of most eukaryotic cell plasma membranes. During apoptosis, sphingomyelin is converted into ceramide. It is hypothesized that this conversion induces a structural change in membranes that leads to downstream signaling. Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to create a partial phase diagram of multilamellar aqueous dispersions of palmitoyl sphingomyelin and ceramide in excess water to characterize the structural changes associated with increased ceramide content (0--40 mol$%$ ceramide) and varying temperature (25--80degD). The two lipids are fully miscible at high temperatures and at 40 mol$%$ ceramide. A variety of solid-liquid coexistence phase behavior is observed at lower concentrations. A gel phase is observed at progessively higher temperatures in the sphingomyelin:ceramide membranes as ceramide content increase. This implies that at physiological temperatures, ceramide may increase the gel phase propensity of cell membranes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".