Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Ice Pileup Evolution Along Shorelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of rubble ice pile-up along a shoreline or against a shore-protection breakwater. The simulations detail the evolution of sail and keel geometry, and the pile-up of the ice rubble as it interacts with the structure. A numerical model of floating ice movements and deformation is used. The model is based on the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) approach, combined with a viscous plastic ice rheology. The PIC model is semi-Lagrangian. It is based on using discrete particles to model ice advection, while solving the momentum equations over an Eulerian grid. In the present paper, the depth-averaged PIC model is described, and used to predict ice pile-up heights, grounding and pressure on four different shoreline slopes. The results show that pile-up height and depth can grow to reach maximum values. Those maximum dimensions depend upon the slope of the shoreline. The numerical results are compared to field observations. A parametric study also determined the influence of ice thickness and ice properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".