Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Ice Pileup Evolution Along Shorelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of rubble ice pile-up along a shoreline or against a shore-protection breakwater. The simulations detail the evolution of sail and keel geometry, and the pile-up of the ice rubble as it interacts with the structure. A numerical model of floating ice movements and deformation is used. The model is based on the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) approach, combined with a viscous plastic ice rheology. The PIC model is semi-Lagrangian. It is based on using discrete particles to model ice advection, while solving the momentum equations over an Eulerian grid. In the present paper, the depth-averaged PIC model is described, and used to predict ice pile-up heights, grounding and pressure on four different shoreline slopes. The results show that pile-up height and depth can grow to reach maximum values. Those maximum dimensions depend upon the slope of the shoreline. The numerical results are compared to field observations. A parametric study also determined the influence of ice thickness and ice properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".