Testing a residential fuel cell for combined heat and power
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first fuel cell (FC) in a residential application in Canada was tested at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT). A 5kW second-generation solid oxide fuel cell manufactured in Canada was run for 1587 hours during the late winter and spring of 2005. Modifications to one of the CCHT houses allowed heat from the FC to be used for space heat and hot water, and electricity to be sent to and from the grid. This project demonstrated the performance of a residential FC combined heat and power (CHP) system, and examined residential CHP integration issues such as thermal storage, grid connection, and optimal FC size. Data collection included the FC's natural gas use and outputs of electricity and heat, electricity to and from the grid, heat to space heat and hot water, and supplementary heat (natural gas) required. The efficiency with which the FC generated electricity (DC & AC) and heat were measured, and found to agree with the manufacturer's specifications. The average measured efficiencies of the fuel cell, in terms of the lower heating value (LHV) of natural gas, are: DC electrical: 46.6%, AC electrical: 24.7%, and thermal: 27.6%. Combining AC and thermal yields an overall efficiency of 52.3%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".