Toward the Development of LADM-based Marine Cadastres: Is LADM Applicable to Marine Cadastres?

Hoogsteden and Robertson (1998; 1999) were among very few early publications that supported the idea that consideration is to be given to the extension of “on-land” cadastral system into the offshore. It was circa 2001 that the terms “marine cadastre” or “marine cadastral” were first explicitly used in scholarly media and at professional conferences (Fowler and Tremi 2001; Collier, Leahy and Williamson 2001; Hirst and Robertson 2001; Ng'ang'a et al, 2001; Sutherland, Nichols and Monahan 2001; Todd 2001). Most publications, since then, that addressed the marine concept cadastre concept, acknowledged the obvious 3- dimensional (3D) marine spaces and support the need for marine cadastres to multipurpose in function (Ng’ang’a, Sutherland and Nichols 2002; Binns and Williamson 2003; Binns et al, 2004; Ng'ang'a et al, 2004; Fulmer 2007). From a literature review by the authors of this paper, no publication sufficiently addressed any ascription to an appropriately applicable data standard for marine cadastres. The Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152: 2012) (LADM) conceptual standard has been referenced in scholarly and professional works to have explicit relevance to 3D cadastres in exposed land- and built environments. These sources, however, only cursorily make reference to LADM’s applicability to marine cadastres (Lemmen et al, 2005; Lemmen and van Oosterom 2011; Lemmen 2012; de Almeida, Ellul and Rodrigues-de-Carvalho 2013; Tjia 2014; Eftychia 2015). Canadian Hydrographic Service & Geoscience Australia (2016) presents the most comprehensive modelling, to date, that refers to LADM in relation to marine cadastres. The authors propose an extension of the S- 100 IHO Universal Hydrographic Data Model into the development of the S-121 IHO standard, to handle maritime limits and boundaries. However, the proposed S-121 standard is not a pure LADM-based data model but seeks to build some components that would conform to ISO 19152. This paper attempts to the question “How applicable is LADM, as a published cadastral data standard, to marine cadastres?” The given answers are based on a list of reasonable criteria, developed from relevant literature reviews, and used to assess the LADM standard. It is concluded that LADM is indeed applicable, as published and as a whole, to marine cadastres. This can be good news to those jurisdictions who are seeking to develop marine cadastres in that they can reasonably trust the LADM as an applicable data standard.

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