Aḥmad Zarrūq and the Ashʻarite school
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ash'arite theology in and after the 7th/13 th century has received little attention in studies of Islamic theology and philosophy. Works like the commentary of the Moroccan ṣufi Aḥmad Zarruq (d. 899/1493) on the creed found in the Iḥya' 'ulum al-din of Abu Ḥadmid al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111) are unknown to historians of Sunni theology. A close analysis of the sources used by Zarruq in his commentary reveals a unique concern with mystical as well as theological subjects. As a result, Zarruq displays an anachronistic preference for early Ash'arite themes while also shying away from involved philosophical discussion which typifies later Ash'arite kalam. Nevertheless, Zarruq's commentary does demonstrate the challenges posed by the two drastically different faces of Ash'arism and how each individual scholar, based on his particular interests and concerns, chose to harmonize these discordant sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".