Alcohol hangovers among male and female social drinkers: Do they differ?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Men and women differ significantly in severity levels of acute alcohol intoxication symptoms, even after correcting for body weight, amount of alcohol consumed, and estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (eBAC). This study examined whether there are similar gender differences in the presence and severity of alcohol hangover symptoms.\nMethod: Survey data from N=2547 Dutch students (male = 44.5% female= 55.5%) was used to analyze possible gender differences in the presence and severity of 22 hangover symptoms, experienced on their past month heaviest drinking occasion. Symptoms were scored on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (absent) to 10 (extreme). The analysis were conducted separately for different eBAC ranges, including < 0.08%, 0.08% - 0.11%, 0.11% – 0.20%, 0.20% – 0.30%, and 0.30% - 0.40%.\nResults: In the lowest (<0.08%) and highest (0.30% – 0.40%) eBAC range no significant gender differences were found. In the eBAC range 0.08% - 0.11%, significantly higher severity scores of nausea were reported by women. Most drinkers were allocated to the eBAC range of 0.11% to 0.20%. At this drinking level, women reported significantly higher severity scores on nausea, tiredness, weakness, and dizziness than men. Men reported significantly more often the presence of confusion, whereas women reported significantly more often the presence of shivering. In the eBAC range 0.20%-0.30% women reported higher severity of nausea and tiredness.\nDiscussions and Conclusions: During alcohol hangover, severity scores of nausea and tiredness were usually higher in women than men.\nImplications for practice: Although statistically significant gender differences were observed, these differences were of small magnitude (i.e. less than 1 on a scale of 0 to 10), and therefore have little clinical relevance.\nDisclosure of Interest Statement: This study was funded by Utrecht University. Joris Verster has received grants/research support from the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, Janssen, Nutricia, Red Bull, Sequential, and Takeda, and has acted as a consultant for Canadian Beverage Association, Centraal Bureau Drogisterijbedrijven, Clinilabs, Coleman Frost, Danone, Deenox, Eisai, Janssen, Jazz, More Labs, Purdue, Red Bull, Sanofi-Aventis, Sen-Jam Pharmaceutical, Sepracor, Takeda, Toast!, Transcept, Trimbos Institute, Vital Beverages, and ZBiotics. The other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".