Advanced composite tendon system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Throughout the world there is a large number of existing structures, which need to be replaced or retrofitted.This may be due to a change of soeial needs, upgrading of design standards, increased safety requirements or deterioration [1,2].The problems are particularly severe in the case of reinforced concrete bridges where chloride induced deterioration is responsible for the need of rehabilitation methods [3].Strengthening requirements for existing structures may demand either, or both, an increase in flexural or shear resistance.Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) for externally bonded flexural strengthening [4] has been used successfully in recent years.The strengthening method is experiencing an economical breakthrough in Switzerland with about 12 tons of CFRP used for retrofitting purposes in 1996.Meier [5] is predicting a world-wide us-age of 850 tons per annum for such applications in about twenty years.Similar systems based on externally bonded fabrics or sheets for post shear strengthening purposes have been developed in the US [6] and in Canada [7,8].The focus of research by Lees et al. (9,10] was the development of tensioned non-laminated CFRP straps as active (prestressed) external shear reinforcement for concrete.The use of an active system has several advantages compared with a passive (unstressed) reinforcement system.In particular, the prestressed CFRP straps provide confinement and enhance the performance of the concrete.The ctment work seeks to discuss reliability aspects of this novel tendon system which is based on a brittle material and therefore subject to a large variability of strength properties.Experimental results of static short-term tensile tests are presented. PIN-LOADED STRAP ELEMENTSA carbon fiber reinforced laminated pin-loaded strap, as shown in Figure l(a), might provide a practical tension element for the shear enhancement of concrete.Such an element can consist of a unidirectional fiber reinforced plastic, having a fiber volume fraction of about 60%, wound around two cylindrical steel pins in a racetrack shape.The maximum number of layers will, however, be limited by technical considerations in the manufacturing process [11].No machining of holes is required to make a strap.The strap is applied in a prestressed condition, externally to the structure, two appropriate pins transfer the tensile load between the structure, and the fully consolidated strap.Laminated straps have desirable characteristics of high tensile strength, low weight, low thermal conductivity, and, crucial, high durability.The US-Army [12] has therefore investigated laminated CFRP tendons for temporary bridge deployment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".