Analyses of climate change impacts in the South Saskatchewan River subbasins: from headwaters to Saskatoon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Winter warming, changes in the regimes of snowmelt and glacial melt, and impacts of water diversions and regulations in Alberta and Saskatchewan, are collectively, likely to affect annual and monthly volume and timing of the South Saskatchewan River Basin. These aspects are evaluated by assessing possible impacts of climate change in this basin, different stations were selected, covering headwaters/mountainous areas and areas in the Prairies, where simultaneous changes in snowpack accumulation and streamflows are quantified. This research reveals that in most of the stations, an historic decline in annual naturalized flows, and summer flows were evident, while regulated flows showed an increase in winter months (January and February). A number of models (e.g. Thornthwaite, Meyer and Hargreaves methods) were employed determination of evapotranspiration in Lake Diefenbaker, from which Meyer provided good results, although due to its complexity, the Thornthwaite is recommended to analyze future projections of ET in the Lake. Annual ET was found to be around 815 mm, which represents a water loss in the Lake of approx. 5% in normal conditions (not dry years) and in dry years it can reach up to 7%. According to future projections, ET is expected to increase 20%, reaching an annual value of 905 mm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".