Arctic warming: effects on lakes near Resolute Bay, Nunavut, Canada.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The average annual air temperature at Resolute Bay is cold (-16.4˚C), but summers are getting warmer. Year 2011 provided an extreme example: 37 days during June, July, and August had temperatures that exceeded 10˚C, with an all-time recorded high of 18.7˚C on July 9th. The warm temperatures extended to local lakes. Ice break-up occurred during the first two weeks of July, and water temperatures peaked soon thereafter – exceeding 10˚C in all lakes measured. Shallow lakes were isothermal, and deep lakes exhibited thermal stratification for a brief period. To put these observations into perspective, during 1969-1972 only 15 days during June, July, and August (avg. per year) had air temperatures that exceeded 10˚C, ice break-up occurred during late July or mid-August or not at all, and water temperatures rarely exceeded 4˚C [Schindler et al. 1974 J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31:585-607]. The physical environments of these lakes are thus being pushed by climate warming into new steady states (from amictic or monomictic to polymictic or dimictic). We have begun research to understand resulting effects on lake chemistry and biology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".