Bulgarian immigration to Canada, late nineteenth-mid-twentieth centuries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article aims at studying the first generations of the Bulgarian immigrants to Canada through the methods of historical demography. The ethno-demographic phenomena and processes that took place among them are characterized by quantitative analysis mainly of Canadian and partly of Bulgarian official statistical sources (population censuses and current demographic statistics), considering the volume, dynamics and ethnic composition of immigration flow, its structure by gender and age, marital and literacy status. An attempt has been made to clarify the relationship between immigration with a starting point Bulgaria and the one coming from among the Bulgarians abroad (who originated mainly from Macedonia), to identify those who contributed more to the replenishment of the Bulgarian diaspora in Canada and to shed light on the ethnic composition of these immigration flows. The level of integration processes is presented by studying the role of citizenship, intermarriage and spoken language, using indicators such as relative shares of Bulgarian immigrants that got naturalized, were Canadian-born, adopted the official languages of the country as well as kept speaking their mother tongue and declared belonging to Bulgarian ethnicity/origin, lived in ethnically mixed marriages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".