Cognitive impairment in diabetes mellitus and hypertension, a possibility of correction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: to evaluate cognitive functions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and hypertension and the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract Egb 761®. Patients and methods: 120 patients with DM2 and 50 hypertensive patients with no complications or a history of stroke and/or myocardial infarction, without active complaints of hypomnesia and other cognitive functions were examined. The exclusion criteria were prior stroke and/or myocardial infarction; clinically significant diseases of the peripheral arteries and major arteries of the head; DM2 decompensation; glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min; proliferative retinopathy; and other endocrine diseases. The investigators used the following methods for the evaluation of cognitive functions: the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the hand-eye coordination test (Parts A and B). Results and discussion: 85% of the patients with DM2 were found to have cognitive impairments (CI): disorders of attention, short-term memory, and thinking speed. Out of them, 82.5% had moderate CI and 2.5% had dementia. 30% of the hypertensive patients were diagnosed as having moderate CIs and 10% had dementia. At the same time, the degree of CI was higher in the patients with MD2 than in those with hypertension. The use of Egb 761® 240 mg/day for 3 months had a statistically significant positive impact on cognitive functions (improvements in short-term memory, concentration, and thinking speed) and everyday activity. Conclusion: The authors consider that CIs are the first sign of encephalopathy in DM2. It is also noted that DM2 has a more pronounced impact on cognitive functions than hypertension. Egb 761® can be used as an effective drug to treat CI in these diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".