Cavity-nesting Bee and Wasp Diversity and Foraging Trip Duration in Urban Residential Gardens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urbanization drives changes to biological communities; however, land cover heterogeneity may mitigate these impacts by providing a mosaic of resources. In my thesis, I evaluate patterns in solitary cavity-nesting bee and wasp communities in relation to land cover to determine how urbanization impacts diversity and resource foraging trip duration. Using nest boxes, cavity-nesting bees and wasps were sampled at 104 urban residential gardens. Bee and wasp richness, abundance, and diversity were analysed in response to land cover heterogeneity, proportion of green space and urban land cover. Bee and wasp diversity was negatively correlated with urban land cover, and for wasps, positively correlated with forest cover. Land cover heterogeneity was positively correlated with both bee and wasp abundance and richness. We further determined that cavity-nester foraging trips for nesting materials were significantly shorter than those for food provisions, but further work is needed to disentangle the effects of urbanization and heterogeneity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".