Contributions to the ecology of North American vespines: Rearing yellowjackets in nest boxes and unraveling pheromone-mediated nest defense in bald-faced hornets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To obtain an ample supply of study insects, we attempted to rear yellowjackets from spring-collected queens, achieving a high nest initiation rate for German yellowjackets, Vespula germanica. To study nest defense, we placed paired boxes near the nest entrance of bald-faced hornets, Dolichovespula maculata, and audio recorded sound impulses caused by nest mates striking the boxes. The number of strikes increased 27-fold when – compared to two control boxes – one of the two boxes was treated with venom sac extract (VSE), providing evidence for an alarm response. The VSE-treated box also induced a greater proportion of strikes than the corresponding control box, providing evidence for a target-oriented response. Analyzing VSEs by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry, we identified seven candidate pheromone components which – based on molecular structure – triggered primarily alarm or target-oriented responses. VSE was more effective than synthetic pheromone in triggering alarm, indicating a missing alarm pheromone component.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".