Circumferential failures in grey cast iron pipes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Circumferential cracking (Figure 1) may be responsible for up to 80% of the failures in small diameter (<200 mm / 8 in), grey cast iron water mains (Rajani and McDonald, 1995). However, while failures due to crushing and internal water pressure are well understood and discussed in the relevant manufacturing standards (AWWA, 1939; 1953), circumferential failures have not been investigated in detail. Although Talbot showed that circumferential failures are produced by pipe bending (Talbot, 1926), no modern studies appear to have been performed. In particular, the effect of corrosion pits and graphitisation on circumferential failures is not well understood. While studies (Makar, Desnoyers and McDonald, 2001) have shown that more than 90% of the circumferential failures have been associated with the presence of a corrosion pit at thefailure surface, the effect of a corrosion pit of a particular size and depth on the residual strength of a grey cast iron pipe remains unknown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".