El surgimiento de las variedades americanas del español, el portugués y el francés: elementos para un estudio comparativo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a comparative overview of the processes that established three Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) in vast areas of the Americas. To this end, we bring together classic and recently published studies in the literatures of these languages, taking a bibliographic approach. We focus our attention on the interactions between European colonizers, indigenous peoples, and African populations in the New World as three main factors that determined the emergence and characteristics of the transplanted vernacular varieties. We also discuss the phases and chronology of the processes of koineization and nativization of these three languages in the colonial period. We attempt to sketch a coherent comparative picture across the diversity of contexts, describe common patterns, discuss differences, and point to possible limits and directions for future research. In doing so, we hope to initiate a dialogue regarding the histories of American Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, and Canadian and Caribbean French in the history of the Neo-Latin family.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".