Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to low- molecular-weight organic molecules
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As global warming directly affects the ecosystem and humankind in the 21st century, solutions are continuously being sought to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Of a particular interest is carbon dioxide (CO2) due to its increasing levels in the atmosphere and contribution to global warming. In response to this challenge, the government of Canada signed onto the Copenhagen accord, and recently the Paris accord in concert with the joint international efforts to curb the mounting CO2 emissions. To achieve this goal, several methods prove to be useful; among the available technologies, electrochemical reduction of CO2 is an emerging field that aims not only to reduce the levels of CO2 but also to convert this undesirable product into value-added molecules. However, the process is complex and involves several factors, each of which has an influence on the efficiency, selectivity, and yield. It has been established that the cathode (CO2-reducing electrode) is the main component in the process as it serves as a platform on which the reaction takes place. Each electrode material possesses unique properties that dictate the CO2 reduction potential, faradaic and energy efficiency, the product distribution and the selectivity toward desired CO2 electroreduction products. In addition, the electrolyte plays a significant role as the charge-transfer medium between the electrode and the electroactive species in the solution. Other parameters such as temperature and pressure are also important determinants in the process due to the influence that those factors have on the mass transfer in the medium. This thesis is composed of two main parts. The first part presents a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the electrochemical CO2 reduction with the aim of producing value-added products. The second part presents selected experimental results obtained by the thesis author. Namely, electrochemical reduction of CO2 to produce value-added products dissolved in an aqueous electrolyte was investigated using Ru and Ir/Ru mixed metal oxide coatings deposited on a titanium substrate, as function of electrode potential, pH and temperature. Although potentiodynamic electrochemical experiments indicated that the electrodes can reduce CO2, no products dissolved (remained) in the aqueous phase were detected under the investigated experimental conditions. Thus, it is suggested that the products of CO2 reduction are in the gaseous phase (e.g. CO, CH4, C2H4), which was not analyzed due to the construction of the electrochemical cell used in the project.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".