Examining the effects of BDNF and exercise training on adipose tissue browning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exercise increases browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) however, the mechanisms remain unclear. A factor that is released with exercise, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), has recently been identified as a possible mediator of WAT browning. Direct treatment of cultured adipocytes with BDNF increases mitochondrial quantity and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) content. The purpose of this study was to examine if BDNF has similar effects on adipose tissue browning as endurance training and whether BDNF and endurance training can produce a synergistic effect. Male C57BL6 mice (10-weeks of age) were randomly assigned into one of four groups (n=12/group): 1) sedentary (SED); 2) endurance training (ET) (treadmill running 1 hour/day); 3) BDNF (0.5 mg/kg·bw); or 4) endurance training and BDNF (ET+BDNF) for 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Body mass and food intake were recorded weekly. Following the 8- week intervention, oxygen consumption and energy expenditure were examined via a Promethion metabolic caging system. Mice were anaesthetized, WAT (subcutaneous and inguinal) and brown adipose tissue (BAT; interscapular) depots were collected for histological and protein analysis. BDNF treatment increased serum BDNF, oxygen consumption and energy expenditure to a similar extent as the ET group. ET and BDNF resulted in decreased adipocyte area. Exercise resulted in higher multilocularity, mitochondrial content, UCP1, and higher innervation of iWAT. While BDNF treatment alone resulted in higher PGC1a. Within eWAT, ET showed decreased adipocyte size and higher dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1) protein content suggesting an increased potential in mitochondrial fission. BDNF treatment shows higher innervation of BAT as well as higher mitochondrial protein content among the exercise trained groups with the addition of BDNF. Overall, BDNF and exercise training are able to increase whole-body energy expenditures through markers of adipose tissue browning in a depot-specific manner with some evidence of additive effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".