Fat and bone metabolism in relation to gingival inflammation in children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Epidemiological evidence suggests an association between diseases related to fat and bone metabolism and periodontal health. Despite the extensive evidence showing these associations in adults, only a few studies have been conducted in children. We address a gap in the pediatric literature by examining the extent to which markers of gingival inflammation are associated with i) metabolic syndrome (MetS) and: ii) plasma uncarboxylated osteocalcin (unOC). As a preliminary step, we first explore the extent to which whole-body bone measurements were associated with fat mass after taking into account the effect of lean mass. Methodology: The data used in this project derives from the QUALITY cohort, an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the natural history of obesity in children of Quebec, Canada. The QUALITY cohort includes 630 Caucasian children aged 8-10 years at cohort inception, with at least one obese biological parent. Participants were systematically recruited through schools located within 75 km of Montreal and Quebec City. In this thesis, we present cross-sectional analyses from the baseline visit using multiple linear regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounding variables. Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC, g), bone area (cm2), bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2), lean mass (kg) and fat mass (kg) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation recommendations. Plasma unOC levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gingival inflammation was defined by the level of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the extent of gingival bleeding. Results: Positive associations between fat mass and whole-body DXA bone measurements, including BMC, bone area and BMD, were observed after taking into account the effect of lean mass. Specifically, a 1-kg increase in fat was associated with 9.32 g (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.26, 11.39), 8.02 cm2 (95%CI: 6.72, 9.32) and 0.002 g/cm2 (95%CI: 0.000, 0.002), increase in whole-body BMC, bone area and BMD respectively. Boys with MetS compared to those without, had a 49.5% (95%CI: 25.72, 73.22) higher GCF TNF-α level and 13.7% (95%CI: 1.1, 26.2) more sites with gingival bleeding. Moreover, for 3 of the 5 components of MetS â waist circumference, fasting plasma triglycerides and systolic blood pressure â an increase was associated with increased GCF TNF-α level in boys. No such findings were seen in girls. A 1-ng/ml increase in plasma unOC was associated with 0.96% decrease (95% CI: -1.69, -0.23) in GCF TNF-α level. Conclusion: Our results provide novel findings showing a clustering of metabolic abnormalities, low plasma unOC and high gingival inflammation among 8-10 Caucasian children. Moreover, they suggest that fat and bone metabolism may be associated with periodontal health as early as in childhood. Documenting the association of conditions related to fat and bone metabolism with periodontal health in children may have public health implications. This may allow identification of individuals at risk of developing several related conditions long before they develop clinically and implementation of early preventive measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".