Health Care, Addiction, and the Penal System: The United States vs. Comparable OECD Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to the CDC, as of 2018 the United States houses 28.9 million uninsured Americans. Additionally, the country has been ravaged by an opioid addiction turned epidemic that in 2017 killed 47,600 Americans, 67.8% of all overdose deaths in the country. The treatment protocol for those with addiction ranges from minimal treatment to prison sentences, resulting in the United States boasting the highest prison population rate at 665 prisoners per 100,000 as well as the largest overall prison population at 2,121,600. This paper contains an analysis of other OECD countries, providing insight on alternative systems for these issues. Health outcomes in Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands are compared to the United States. The differences in addiction treatment between these countries is also covered. This comprehensive analysis highlights the aspects of the United States' system that have allowed these issues to arise, and provides points of comparison to build a framework for improvement. ?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".