Indigenous, land and politics in Colombia. The indigenous communities of Bolivar Grande in the second half of the nineteenth century Indígenas, tierra y política en Colombia. Las comunidades indígenas del Bolívar Grande en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article analyzes the indigenous population of the Great Bolivar (Colombia) in the third quarter of the nineteenth century, in the context of formation of the nation and the expansion of livestock. We show how the discursive elements of the mestizo nation and the citizens' political identity, plus the internal fragmentation of indigenous communities, facilitated the actions of farmers and mestizo populations to try to dissolve the communal ownership of land guards. Also we show the forms of resistance displayed by the Indians, especially the manipulation that made liberal discourse, and the negotiations that established with other social and political groups to defend their interests.<br>Este artículo analiza la población indígena del Bolívar Grande (Colombia) en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIX, en el contexto de formación de la nación y la expansión de la ganadería. Mostramos cómo los elementos discursivos sobre la nación mestiza y la identidad política ciudadana, más el fraccionamiento interno de las comunidades indígenas, facilitaron las acciones de ganaderos y poblaciones mestizas para intentar disolver la propiedad comunal de las tierras de los resguardos. También analizamos las formas de resistencia desplegadas por los indígenas, en especial la instrumentalización que realizaron del discurso liberal, y las negociaciones que establecieron con otros sectores sociales y políticos para defender sus intereses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".