Investigating the relationship between infant feeding practices and inflammation-associated biomarkers of one-year-old infants in the CHILD Cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk consumption are associated with immune system development; however, the impact of different infant feeding practices on this relationship is unclear. This research aimed to understand how current human milk feeding (HMF) status is related to immune activity, and how history of HMF (HMF duration, exclusivity, and method - directly from the breast, or pumped and bottled) is related to immune development, in one-year-old infants. This study investigated a subset of 605 one-year-old infants from the CHILD Cohort Study, a cohort study that recruited pregnant women from four Canadian provinces. Infant feeding was captured from hospital birth records and parent questionnaires. Ninety-two biomarkers reflecting immune system activity and development were measured in infant serum using the Olink Target 96 Inflammation panel. Associations were determined using multivariable regression (adjusted for sex, time until blood sample centrifugation, and participant study site), with adjustment for multiple comparisons. Nearly half (44%) of infants were still breastfeeding at the time of blood sampling (12.6 ± 1.4 months). Compared to infants who were never breastfed or had stopped breastfeeding, those who were still breastfeeding had higher levels of serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21, adjusted standardized β-coefficient=0.56, 95%CI=0.41-0.72), Cluster of Differentiation 244 (CD244, β=0.35, 0.19-0.50), Chemokine Ligand 6 (CXCL6, β=0.34, 0.18-0.50), and Chemokine Ligand 20 (CCL20, β=0.26 ,0.09-0.42), and lower levels of extracellular newly identified receptor for advanced glycation end-products binding protein (EN-RAGE, β=-0.16, -0.29- - 0.03). Among infants not currently HMF, total HMF duration had a marginal positive association with IL-7 serum levels (adjusted standardized β-coefficient =0.05, 0.02- 0.08). Exclusive HMF duration and HMF method (at three months of age) were not associated with any biomarkers in adjusted models. Current HMF status, more so than prior infant feeding practices, is associated with changes in inflammation-associated biomarker profiles at one year of age. In addition to informing new hypotheses about the impact of breastfeeding on immune development and activity, these results highlight the importance of including current HMF status in immune-system-focused infant serum proteomic studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".