Municipal variations in the housing arrangements of international students
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding how international students use the housing market across different municipalities can inform policy and planning decisions regarding housing supply, urban infrastructure and services to better accommodate the needs of a diverse student population. This study uses the 2021 Census of Population to examine the extent to which international students engage in the rented and owned housing sectors and the share of students living in roommate households within these markets. The results show that the majority of international students depend on the rental market for their housing needs, ranging from 65% in Brampton to 92% in Montréal across the municipalities analyzed. International students living in rented homes were more likely to reside in roommate households than those living in owner-occupied homes. Among those living in owner-occupied homes, a large proportion were subtenants who likely paid rent but were not counted in the rental market. Across municipalities, there was substantial variability in the housing arrangements of international students, mostly reflecting the availability of rented housing stock and the sociodemographic characteristics of international students.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".