Non-target effects of reduced risk pesticides on beneficial arthropods used in greenhouse vegetable production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research examined the toxicity of reduced risk insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone, and chlorantraniliprole) and fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate, and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with promise for use in Canadian greenhouse vegetable production to three species of arthropod biological control agents ['Orius insidiosus' Say, ' Amblyseius swirskii' (Athias-Henriot), and 'Eretmocerus eremicus' Rose & Zolnerowich] and bumble bees ['Bombus impatiens' (Cresson)]. Imidacloprid, abamectin, and metaflumizone were moderately harmful to harmful at high concentrations when applied directly to bumble bees and caused sub-lethal effects on worker lifespan and brood production following oral exposure. Metaflumizone was harmful as a direct application, but did not induce sub-lethal changes. Chlorantraniliprole, myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate, and cyprodinil + fludioxonil were harmless to bumble bees. Generally, pesticide residues were harmless to adult 'O. insidiosus, A. swirskii,' and 'E. eremicus.' However, metaflumizone was slightly harmful to 'E. eremicus.' I conclude that metaflumizone, chlorantraniliprole, myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate, or cyprodinil + fludioxonil can be applied for greenhouse vegetable pest management with minimal harm to bumble bees and biological control agents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".