Bibliographic record
Abstract
THE LoWER SILURIAN SYSTEM is represented, in the southeastern part of the State of Indiana, by rocky strata, about 750 feet in thick ness, belonging to what is known to geologists as the Hudson River Group.These rocks have been studied a great deal,_ especially in the vicinity of Richmond, Weisburg, Versailles, and Madison, and have furnished many new species of fossils that have been described in the palreontological reports of New York, Ohio and Illinois, and in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science and Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.I am able now to add a few new species from the same localities, and some from rocks of about the same age, in Tennessee, which constitute what is called the Nashville Group.The Hudson River Group of Indiana is followed, as it appears to me, by rocks of the age of the Niagara Group.At least, I have been un able to discover any evidence of the existence of the Medina and Clin ton Groups, which intervene, between the Hudson River and Niagara, in New York and Canada.The lower part of the Niagara Group, in Indiana, is characterized by the presence of the remains of cystideans; while the upper part abounds with crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoa and other fossils.Most of the cystideans belong to Holocystites, a genus quite common in the magnesian limestone of the Niagara Group of Illi nois and Wisconsin, but not known to rocks of any other age.This genus is the most remarkable, for variations in size and form, of any known to the subkingdom Echinodermata, beside some species were free, others sessile, and others possessed a column and attached to a muddy bottom with roots.I described, in the Journal of the Cincin nati Society of Natural History and in North American Geology and Palreontology, nineteen species of Holocystites.which were collected at Osgood, St. Paul, and near Madison, and am now able to add fifteen new species, from the vicinity of Madison, to this remarkably long list.And it may be worthy to note that about half of all the species of cystideans known from America occur in the Hudson River and ' .I'It.:PALlEON'lOLOGY.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.051 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".