The origins and evolutionary history of feral apples in southern Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Feral populations of domesticated crops can establish through hybridization with native relatives, or through recombination of known cultivars. The relative importance of these two pathways is not known, especially for woody fruit crops. The goal of this study was to examine the evolutionary origins of feral populations of Malus domestica (domestic apple) in southern Ontario using a population genetics analysis. I characterized genotypes of 467 feral apple trees along with 127 commercial cultivars, ornamental crabapple cultivars and the native Malus coronaria, using 14 microsatellite markers. The feral trees were composed of seven genetic subgroups that are distributed throughout Ontario, and were associated with different commercial cultivars. The results suggest that feral apples are not products of hybridization with native M. coronaria, rather they have multiple origins, partly derived from early heritage cultivars. These lineages have spread and coexist throughout Ontario, rather than being derived strictly from local sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".