To punish or not punish: a comparative analysis of the legislative treatment of exemplary damages in Commonwealth jurisdictions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exemplary damages are an exceptional and controversial civil remedy.1 Though private litigation generally falls under the radar, exemplary damages often draw public interest due to the highly charged nature of the cases that concern this award.2 This paper outlines the different legislative approaches that the Commonwealth jurisdictions of New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom take to exemplary damages in the areas of personal injury, property, intellectual property, trade and commerce, media, employment and miscellaneous areas. This paper does not address the availability of exemplary damages in procedural legislation. The research process involved finding legislative references to exemplary damages in these jurisdictions and categorising these references. Relevant parliamentary materials and commentary have also been included. This paper concludes that exemplary damages should be awarded in New Zealand and that New Zealand’s current generous approach towards awarding exemplary damages in legislation is appropriate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".