Quantification of movement of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adults in one-dimensional columns under different storage conditions in stored wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Grain storage is a complex ecological system influenced by various factors, demanding a nuanced understanding of effective management. This research addresses knowledge gaps in insect movement within grain columns, crucial for refining storage strategies, particularly regarding one of the economically impactful pests, the rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus), infesting stored wheat in the Northern United States and Canada. The study analyzed the temperature and moisture response of C. ferrugineus adults in 1- and 2-m wheat columns, revealing a diminished response with increased column length. Subsequent experiments focus on the insects' sensitivity to small temperature (0 to 6°C) and moisture (1 percentage point) differences. Results indicated that the insects could detect a 1°C temperature difference and a 1 percentage point moisture difference within 0.5 m in 24 h. The study extended to (i) additional moisture responses, exploring the impact of 3 or 5 percentage-point differences in wheat moisture content over various movement periods and column lengths. Moisture responses were effective up to approximately 0.25 m; and (ii) to additional temperature responses, exploring the impact of 1 to 20°C temperature differences in 12.5% moisture content wheat over various movement periods and column lengths. Temperature responses were effective up to approximately 0.45 m. Further investigations examined synergistic and antagonistic effects of nonlinear temperature and moisture differences on insect movement. The study confirmed adult responses to both conditions and employed mathematical modeling to calculate diffusivity and bias movement velocity, dependent on temperature, moisture, column length, and movement period. Findings highlighted the direct proportionality of diffusivity to temperature difference and its inverse relationship with moisture difference, column length, and movement period. Bias movement velocity notably decreased in longer columns under various temperature differences. The study underscores that insect movement is influenced not only by temperature and moisture differences but also by storage structure dimensions. Insights gained could contribute to the three-dimensional modeling of insect movement, aid in the design of insect monitoring tools, and guide decisions on sampling frequency and locations. Overall, this research advanced our understanding of the intricate dynamics within grain storage systems, facilitating the development of more effective stored grain management practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".