SCHOOL AND SOCIETY IN ITALY DURING THE SECOND AND THIRD REPUBLICS (1992–2021)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Among scholars and experts in the history of education and school history, it is well known that the evolution of education in Italy, as elsewhere, presents some latent, long-lasting traits \nthat span decades and have sometimes survived revolutions and drastic changes in the structure of institutions. Those who have somehow crossed paths with educational and school historiography—because they were forced to do so, such as students, or because they were simply passionate about it—are ofen aware of this reality as well. One of the themes that seems to have characterized the debate about Italian schools in the last forty \nyears (starting from the 1980s) and, in particular, in the years to which this paper refers, is the role of schools with respect to other educational institutions and, more generally, with respect \nto society and the territory. This article will therefore propose a summary of the evolution of Italian schools from the second to the third republic with particular attention to this topic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".