Synthesis of Er3+, Yb3+ - doped hexagonal phase NaYF4 nanoparticles and application to ligand exchange and energy transfer studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanoparticles containing rare earth ions have the ability to absorb and convert infrared light into visible light.The purpose of this work is to synthesize rare earth ion-doped NaYF 4 nanoparticles in their most efficient form, the hexagonal phase.These nanoparticles are then used in ligand exchange and energy transfer studies.The synthesis procedure produces gram scale quantities of nanoparticles.Such a scale is important for reproducibility and application of these materials.Oleylamine-capped NaYF 4 nanoparticles were synthesized and were doped with 2 % Er 3+ and 20 % Yb 3+ using a thermal decomposition method.The procedure was optimized in terms of precursor concentration and injection rate.The samples were characterized using photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction.Photoluminescence spectra were collected using infrared excitation (980 nm).Control of the temperature and injection resulted in 15 nm (diameter) hexagonal phase NaYF 4 :Er 3+ ,Yb 3+ nanoparticles capped with oleylamine.The nanoparticles exhibited bright emission in the red (640 nm) and green (540 nm) portions of the visible spectrum.The surface of the nanoparticles was modified with decanoic acid, dodecanedioic acid, or dodecane sulfonic acid using a ligand exchange reaction.Energy transfer was studied from the oleylamine-capped nanoparticles to the fluorophores Nile Red, 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran, and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".