Water-soluble, Anionic Polychloramide Disinfectants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antimicrobial N-halamine polymers can continuously protect the surfaces by actively killing microbes on the surfaces. The proposed work is aimed at exploring factors influencing the antimicrobial efficacy of water-soluble, anionic polychloramides. There are four themes covered in this dissertation: In the first theme, water-soluble, anionic polychloramides (PC3Cl) were reported by first reacting poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) with primary amines and then chlorination with bleach. It was observed that anionic, water-soluble polychloramide was an effective, antimicrobial biocide. In addition, the flexible anionic polyamides can be grafted onto cellulose filter paper in the catalyst and reagent-free conditions, and after chlorination, the PC3-treated paper has biocidal activity. The second theme is to identify the polychloramide’s structure – biocidal activity relationships. The contributions of polychloramide molecular weight (MW), configuration, and the overlap concentration, C* in solution were evaluated. The polymer-modified Chick−Watson (PCW) model indicated that lower MW polymers and more compressed configurations of polymers in solution were more effective biocides. Experimental results supported the conclusions. In the third theme, environmental nonmicrobial soils may degrade the performance of polymer biocides. Single component model soil was employed to evaluate the biocidal activity of anionic polymers, cationic polychloramides, and cationic poly(quaternary ammonium) biocides in non-microbial chemicals. The results demonstrated that negatively charged polyacrylic acid (PAA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) inhibited cationic biocides by sequestration but did not influence anionic polychloramides. Glycine and bovine serum albumin (BSA) lowered the biocidal activity of the anionic and cationic polychloramides by extracting oxidative chlorine. Anionic antimicrobial polymers could have advantages over cationic counterparts in highly soiled applications. In the fourth theme, to enhance the antimicrobial activity of anionic polychloramide, an imide shuttle approach was proposed. Three low molecular weight imide model compounds, including 1-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (HDMH), 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH), and succinimide (SI), were employed to evaluate the biocidal influence of water-soluble, anionic polychloramides. The results demonstrated that small imides shuttled oxidative chlorine from soluble, anionic polychloramides to bacteria, thus increasing the biocidal activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".