Variation in Cantonese Acceptability Judgements due to Language Contact: An Investigation of Word Order Preferences in the Resultative Construction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the acceptability of different word orders in the resultative construction among Cantonese speakers in Canada (heritage) and Hong Kong (homeland). In an auditory acceptability judgement experiment, heritage speakers of Cantonese and English-dominant speakers were found to have higher acceptance of the English-influenced Means-Object-Result word order than homeland speakers and Cantonese-dominant speakers, respectively. These results give support to models of bilingual/multilingual grammars that propose that the extent of cross-linguistic influence is proportional to language dominance (Filipović and Hawkins 2019, Putnam and Sanchez 2013). We argue that these results demonstrate a system-altering change in the grammar of heritage/English-dominant speakers due to contact with English, where the functional features of English are temporarily/permanently drawn upon despite incompatibilities between the grammars of the two languages. We discuss possible mechanisms of change within the framework of Feature Reassembly (Lardiere 2009).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".