Valorization of paper waste into platform chemicals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, the use of lignocellulose has become a global alternative to fossil fuels to produce bio-based chemicals.They consist of inedible parts of plants, grasses, and forestry residues whose use will not cause food crisis.Among them, paper waste is one of the most prominent due to its abundance and environmental friendliness.The increase in paper consumption has created a huge reserve of paper waste, encouraging their transformation to valuable products in the biorefinery.The primary focus of this study was the valorization of different types of paper products into platform chemicals.Specifically, newsprints and corrugated boxes were hydrolysed to produce levulinic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, and furfural, depending on the selected reaction conditions.In the first instance (chapter 3), soft/hardwood pulps were decationized by dilute acid hydrolysis followed by thermo-chemical conversion to levulinic acid.The effects of the major reaction conditions including reaction temperature, time, and HCl concentration on the yield of levulinic acid were studied via a central composite design.Levulinic acid yields from softwood and hard wood pulps reached 50.3 mol% and 68.9 mol%, respectively, at optimum reaction conditions.When newsprints were tested using the optimized parameters for softwood and hardwood conversion, levulinic acid yields of 66.3 mol% and 79.7 mol% were obtained, respectively.Chapter 4 focused on the effect of pretreatment on the conversion of newsprint wastes to levulinic acid.In this study, Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the yield of levulinic acid from HCl and Fenton pretreated newsprints (NP).With the optimum conditions for the conversion of HCl-NP and Fenton-NP as follow: T = 200 o C, t = 3.63 and 3.50 h, and [FeCl3.6H2O]= 0.118 and 0.100 M, the maximum yields of LA were 81.3 mol% and 84.0 mol%, respectively.In chapter 5, an integrated mechanoenzymatic/catalytic approach was employed to produce furanbased platform chemicals from newsprint wastes.The holocellulose fraction of the newsprint was first hydrolyzed to monosaccharides using a commercial cellulase blend at 55 o C (enzyme loading of 45 mg/g of substrate or 4.55 w/w).The use of a moist-solid enzymatic reaction with a short period (15 min) of ball milling followed by 24 h of static incubation greatly enhanced hydrolysis, affording glucose and xylose yields of 52 mol% and 22 mol%, respectively.The sugars in the hydrolysate were next dehydrated using AlCl3.6H2O(200 mg) as an eco-friendly catalyst.With stirring at 600 rpm and 150 o C, hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural were obtained in yields of 66 mol% and 67 mol%, respectively.ii The last study in this thesis (chapter 6) proposed a simplified approach to produce hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural from corrugated boxes.A robust catalytic system comprising AlCl3.6H2O/LiCl/NaCl in H2O/MIBK biphasic media was developed, affording HMF and FU in maximum yields of 98 mol% and 51 mol% at 160 o C and 40 min.Another aspect in the abovelisted chapters were the detailed kinetic studies that followed, which provide deeper insights into the various stages necessary to enhance the yields of value-added products from paper waste.The information developed in this study can aid the production of biobased products as well as help the design of biorefinery which is still in the developmental stage.iii Rsum Ces dernires annes, l'utilisation de la lignocellulose est devenue une alternative mondiale aux combustibles fossiles pour produire des produits chimiques d'origine biologique.Ils sont constitus de parties non comestibles de plantes, d'herbes et de rsidus forestiers dont l'utilisation ne provoquera pas de crise alimentaire.Parmi eux, les dchets de papier sont l'un des plus importants en raison de leur abondance.L'augmentation de la consommation de papier a cr une norme rserve de dchets de papier, encourageant leur transformation en produits de valeur.L'objectif principal de cette tude tait la valorisation de diffrents types de produits provenant de l'industrie papetire en produits chimiques de haute valeur.Plus prcisment, des papiers journaux et des botes de carton ont t hydrolyss pour produire de l'acide lvulinique, de l'hydroxymthylfurfural et du furfural.Dans le premier cas (chapitre 3), les ptes de rsineux/feuillus ont t traits par hydrolyse acide dilue suivie d'une conversion thermochimique en acide lvulinique.Les effets des principales conditions de raction comprenant la temprature de raction, le temps, et la concentration de HCl sur le rendement de l'acide levulinic ont t tudis par l'intermdiaire d'un plan composite centr.Les rendements en acide levulinique des ptes de bois rsineux et de bois dur ont atteint 50,3 % en mole et 68,9 % en mole, respectivement, dans des conditions de raction optimales.Lorsque les journaux ont t tests l'aide des paramtres optimiss pour la conversion du bois rsineux et du bois dur, des rendements d'acide lvulinique de 66,3 % en mole et de 79,7 % en mole ont t obtenus, respectivement.Le chapitre 4 porte sur l'effet du prtraitement sur la conversion des dchets de papiers journaux en acide lvulinique (LA).Dans cette tude, la design Box-Behnken a t utilise pour optimiser le rendement en acide levulinique partir de HCl et de papiers journaux (NP) prtrait par la raction de Fenton.Avec les conditions optimales pour la conversion de HCl-NP et Fenton-NP comme suit: T = 200 o C, t = 3,63 et 3,50 h, et [FeCl3.6H2O]= 0,118 et 0,100 M, les rendements maximaux de LA taient 81,3% et 84,0 % en mole, respectivement.Au chapitre 5, une approche mcano-enzymatique/catalytique intgre a t utilise pour produire des produits chimiques base de furanes partir de dchets de papier journal.La fraction holocellulosique du papier journal a d'abord t hydrolyse en monosaccharides l'aide d'un mlange commercial de cellulase 55 o C (charge enzymatique de 45 mg/g de substrat ou 4,55 p/p).L'utilisation d'une raction enzymatique humide-solide avec une courte priode (15 min) iv dans un broyeur boulet, suivie de 24 h d'incubation statique a considrablement augment l'hydrolyse, produisant des rendements de glucose et de xylose de 52% et de 22% en mole, respectivement.Les sucres prsents dans l'hydrolysat ont ensuite t dshydrats en utilisant un catalyseur de AlCl3.6H2O(200 mg).Sous agitation 600 rpm et 150 o C, l'hydroxymthylfurfural et le furfural ont t obtenus dans des rendements de 66% et 67% en mole, respectivement.La dernire tude de cette thse (chapitre 6) propose une approche simplifie pour produire de l'hydroxymthylfurfural et du furfural partir de botes de carton.Un systme catalytique robuste comprenant du AlCl3.6H2O/LiCl/NaCldans les milieux biphasiques de H2O/MIBK a t dvelopp, offrant de l'hydroxymethylfurfural et du furfural dans des rendements maximaux de 98% et 51 % mole 160 o C et 40 min.Un autre aspect des chapitres numrs ci-dessus a t les tudes cintiques dtailles qui ont suivi, qui fournissent des informations plus approfondies sur les diffrentes tapes ncessaires pour amliorer les rendements des produits valeur ajoute provenant des dchets de papier.Les informations dveloppes dans cette tude peuvent aider la production de produits d'origine biologique ainsi qu' la conception de la bioraffinerie qui est encore au stade de dveloppement.v Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God, for His divine protection, guidance, and above all, for His gift of life without which nothing is possible.vi
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".