Bereavement issues among Filipinos in America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research was developed to explore bereavement issues among Filipinos in America.Through observations, interview and limited research, it seems evident that what r~mains dominant and specific to this particular cultural group is their deep Catholic faith and strong sense of familialism.Philippine tradition reveals characteristic pre-historic and present-day burial rituals and practices, strongly rooted in Catholicism.Based on research, funeral and bereavement practices among Filipinos in America have somewhat diverted from traditional ways.Prehistoric burial customs involve tree-trunk burials as well as in platforms and jars.Ritual dramas and epic songs were characteristic expressions of respect to the departed during the last century.Present-day burial practices of Filipinos in America still reflect the same sentiments of Catholicism and farnilialism, but in some cases may seem to be expressed in different ,vays. 1 rhe loss of a loved one while in America not only results in increased homesickness, but also a void that needs to be filled.In an interview with a director of an Oxnard mortuary, it was learned that fifty percent of Filipino fam.ilies request the burial to be held in the home country (either by cremating the bady in America and sending the ashes to the Philit>pines or by shipping the casket).The remaining fifty percent choose to go through the traditional Philippine V burial in American grounds.Vigil is still practiced here in America as it Ei-in present day Philippine;•.-However, here, friends and families are requested not to stay at the funeral chapel overnight as mortuary staff are not available through the duration of the wake.The practice of giving abuloy (monetary donation) still remains consistent both in the home country and in America, as a gesture of reciprocity (utang na loob).The affective experience of loss remains powerful whether in the new Philippine cultural tradition or the old.Bereavement practices of Filipinos in America continue to be meaningful and maintain a rich expression of grief and an aspect of the Philippine culture.vi Purpose of the Study This paper intends to address a cross-cultural view on bereavement, specifically among Filipino families in America.Chapter II presents literature on characteristics of Filipnos for a better understanding of their grief reaction and bereavement issues.It is most interesting to depict characteristics of beliefs, values and mores of the Filipino community.Chapter IV focuses on the bereavement issues among Filipinos In America.Such data would be essential for those who are interested In thanatology.The literature on grief and mourning is short on empirical data.Compared to other areas of behavior sciences, this area appears to be under relatively great pressure to provide answers to questions.This writer wishes to address this issue so that norms of the American society and the norms that may develop as a result of work of thanatological professionals may provide information and alternative solutions.This concern may be especially serious in the areas of bereavement because of the possiblity that in counseling and teaching, professionals who deal with reactions to death may be treating selffulfilling phase prophecy.Hence, two problems may emerge.First, professionals may be blinded to alternative conceptualizations and problem solutions in the area of bereavement.Second, the means of coping that people embrace from thanatological writing, counseling and teaching may not be optimal.Therefore, professionals must be informed.They must know what human needs are commonly experienced in the bereavement process and what satisifies their needs.Counselors and educators must be able to see death reaction without the blinders provided by conventional wisdom or by conceptual developments in thanatology.Furthermore, this can provide ideas about alternative ways for Americans to deal with bereavement. Scope and LimitationThis pr~sent paper addresses bereavement issues among Filipinos in America.Data presented are solely based on research and summation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".