Changes of the Lebanese Muslim ummah in the 1950s–1960s: Assessments of Western diplomats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The third quarter of the 20th century was marked for Lebanese Muslims by disappointment in the possibility of strengthening their positions after the period of the French mandate, when, in their view, the most important socio-political privileges were occupied by Lebanese Catholic Christians. The Sunnis' position in the Lebanese political field was determined by the adherence to the ideas of Arabism and the unity of the Arab ummah, ideas which could not be sufficiently shared by Christian politicians – even adherents of explicit pro-Arab orientation. The Shi'ite notables were at the stage of formation of their political demands, so they largely associated themselves with the Sunnis and they supported those Christian politicians who less hampered the political participation of the Muslims of Lebanon at the level of state administration. Behind the turbulent political space of Lebanon, as well as neighboring Syria, Western diplomats watched closely, trying not to lose sight of the contradictions between the religious communities, traditionally considering them as possible objects of their efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".