Comparision between biofungicides based on different Bacillus spp. strains (Ch-13 and Qst 713) in green mould control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Green mould, caused by compost-inhabiting Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum Samuels & \nW. Gams) is the most serious fungal disease of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus L.) worldwide as well as in Serbia. Only a few fungicides are officially recommended for mushroom cultivation \nin EU: prochloraz, metraphenone and biofungicide based on Bacillus velezensis QST 713. The fungicide \nprochloraz is sensitive to microbial degradation in casing soil. Furthermore, decreased efficacy \nagainst Lecanicillium fungicola (Preus) Hasebrauk and Cladobotryum spp. was noted. Metraphenone \nis registered only against dry bubble (L. fungicola) and cobweb disease (Cladobotryum spp.). The \nbiofungicide B. velezensis QST 713 is registered in edible mushrooms and many other crops in the \nUSA, Canada and some European countries, but it is not available in the Serbian market. The aim of \nthe study was to evaluate impact on yield and efficacy of the biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis \nCh-13 in green mould control of cultivated mushroom (T. aggressivum f. europaeum T77 from Serbia) \n. The strain B. subtilis Ch-13 has been registered as a microbiological fertilizer, fungicide and wheat \nseed disinfectant in the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Moldova. \nEffectiveness of the biofungicides B. subtilis Ch-13 and B. velezensis QST 713 at different application \nrates and the chemical fungicide prochloraz at standard application rate was tested in the \ncontrol of mushroom green mould agent. Fungicide effectiveness in disease control was calculated \nby Abbott’s formula. In addition, the effect of fungicides on mushroom productivity was evaluated \nas the ratio of fresh weight of total yield and weight of dry spawned substrate. \nThe fungicide prochloraz showed the highest efficacy in the green mould control, as had been expected, \nand B. velezensis QST 713 followed with its standard application concentration of 1.5 x 1011 CFU \nper m2. However, biofungicide based on B. subtilis Ch-13 applied at concentration 3 x 108 CFU per m2 \nshowed higher efficacy against compost pathogen T. aggressivum f. europaeum than B. velezensis QST \n713 applied at lower concentrations (5 x 109 and 1 x 1010 CFU per m2). Moreover, the tested biofungicide \nB. subtilis Ch-13 at concentration 108 CFU per m2 improved mushroom yield 10-12% compared to uninoculated \ncontrol and B. velezensis QST 713 applied at recommended application concentration. Better \nyield promotion and suppression of the pathogen by B. subtilis Ch-13 compared to B. velezensis QST 713 \nat lower application rate could be due to different formulation of the products or the strain features.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".