A Comparative Study of Agricultural Marketing Legislation in Canada, Australia, United Kingdom and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
of StudyThe overall objective of marketing legislation is to raise and/or stabilize farm incomes of growers of the regulated product.A review of the origin and development of compulsory producer-initiated and controlled agricultural marketing organizations that are today in evidence in Canada, United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, suggests that such organizations are a consequence of two major causes.These are firstly, the impact of world economic depression of the late 19201s, 2 and secondly, the failure or, at best the partial success of the traditional voluntary marketing cooperatives to effectively restore declining farm prices.Statutory marketing legislation, through which instrumentality, compulsory producer-controlled marketing organizations are constituted, ranges from State and/or provincial to national coverage.In Canada and Australia, state boards operate under basic state and/ or provincial legislation.3The same also holds for the United States state marketing programmes.However, in the United States the Agricultural Marketing Act, 1937 permits marketing programmes to cover more than one state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".