Creating waves : a study of changing patterns of gender representation within the administrative staff of the Winnipeg School Division during the period 1973-1998
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The career path of women in Canadian public education has, in general, continued to follow quite a different course from that of men. In most instances, the careers of Canadian educators place the majority of women in teaching positions while men dominate school administration. Women, who are school administrators, have tended to be appointed to elementary school positions or, when assigned to the secondary level, are more likely to be designated to support positions such as vice-principalships. In Manitoba, the provincial pattern is not dissimilar. However, the data for the Winnipeg School Division stands in marked contrast. The twenty-five year period between 1972-3 and 1997-8 saw a change from women occupying some 22 percent of the Division's administrators at the start of the period to 56 percent. These substantial shifts in the gender representation of school administrators within the Winnipeg School Division, their impact on the career paths of women and men administrators in the Division, and the perceptions of high school principals regarding the significance of gender and gender discrimination in administrator career development over the twenty-five year period provide the focus of this study. Data was collected from School Board minutes and Divisional records of all school-based administrative appointments (principals and vice-principals) during the period of the study, and in addition a series of interviews were conducted with fourteen high schools principals between June and November 2000. An analysis of the date presented in this study suggests that these substantial changes in gender representation - which occurred in waves, beginning with the elementary school vice-principalship, moving through the secondary vice-principalship and the elementary school principalship - were achieved, not by recruiting from outside of the division, nor by "fast-tracking women administrators. Rather it was achieved by a sustained effort to recruit women into entry administrative positions as they became open and then to support them through a career path of promotion that paralleled the scope and speed of traditional male careers. Both female and male high school principals recognized the significance of gender and gender discrimination as a salient feature of both community and professional attitudes towards school administration and saw the benefits of the division's policies and practices directed towards affirmative action.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".