Comparisons of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) X<sub>CO<sub>2</sub></sub> measurements with TCCON
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) has been measuring carbon dioxide column-averaged dry air mole fractions, XCO2, in the Earth’s atmosphere for almost two years. In this paper, we describe the comparisons between the OCO-2 version 7Br retrievals and XCO2 estimates from OCO-2's primary ground-based validation network: the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The OCO-2 XCO2 retrievals, after bias correction, agree well globally with the TCCON for nadir, glint, and target observations, with median differences less than 0.5 ppm and RMS differences typically below 1.5 ppm. Target observations over TCCON stations correlate best with the TCCON data (R2 = 0.83) on a global scale. At local scales, the target comparisons reveal residual biases likely related to surface properties and aerosol scattering. It is thus crucial to continue measurement comparisons with TCCON to monitor and evaluate the OCO-2 XCO2 data quality throughout its mission.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it