Coastal winds, sea surface temperature, and upwelling in Atlantic Canada in two years differing in ENSO and NAO conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The most studied upwelling systems occur on eastern ocean boundary coasts. We hereby focus on a western ocean boundary coast upwelling system located in Atlantic Canada. Using daily in-situ data on sea surface temperature (SST), we demonstrate a marked contrast in cooling between July 2014 (pronounced) and July 2015 (weak) for two locations ca. 110 km apart on the southeastern coast of Nova Scotia. Southwesterly winds blow parallel to this coast. In July 2014, such winds were common and their daily duration was negatively related to coastal SST. In July 2015, however, such winds were considerably less prevalent and unrelated to SST. These results are consistent with a marked interannual contrast in wind-driven upwelling. Independent measures of an upwelling index confirm this view, as the index was largely positive (indicative of upwelling) during July 2014 but, albeit generally positive, often lower, and sometimes even negative (indicative of downwelling), during July 2015. Both studied periods also experienced considerable differences in climatic phenomena such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In July 2015, a strong El Niño event co-occurred with a negative NAO index, while both phenomena exhibited near-zero indices in July 2014. Influences of these phenomena on coastal winds and upwelling are known for other regions. Thus, given the relationships hereby reported for Atlantic Canada and the oceanographic and ecological importance of upwelling, it would be profitable to further investigate the nature and extent of atmosphericâoceanic links on this western ocean boundary coast.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".