Current-use pesticides affect development of early life stages and timing of alevin emergence in Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of two pesticides on Pacific sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) exposed from fertilization to emergence were evaluated in a gravel-bed flume incubator, designed to simulate a natural streambed environment.Eggs were exposed to a commercial formulation of atrazine at 25 or 250 µg/L, and chlorothalonil at 0.5 or 5 µg/L, to examine effects on developmental success and timing, physical growth parameters, and biochemical indicators of growth.High chlorothalonil exposure reduced survival to hatch and increased finfold deformity incidence.All treatments resulted in reduced alevin condition factors at the time of emergence.Atrazine exposure resulted in premature hatch, while chlorothalonil exposure resulted in delayed hatch compared to controls.All treatment groups experienced premature emergence, highlighting the importance of using a gravel-bed incubator to examine this subtle but critical endpoint.These alterations in developmental success, timing and growth may alter survival of early life stages of sockeye salmon in the wild.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".