Fluidized-bed drying and microwave-assisted fluidized-bed drying of carrot slices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Essential nutrients such as minerals, vitamins and fibre are mainly obtained from vegetables and fruits.However, the industrial processing and marketing of fresh fruits and vegetables produce a lot of residues to be disposed.These residues contain nutritional compounds to be recovered for the human consumption.Drying technology can be applied to transform these residues into high-value by-products to enhance the agricultural income and protect the environment.Drying process is used to remove free water from the drying material by the efficient supply of thermal energy and produce dried products of desired quality.Different drying methods have been investigated for drying of vegetables and fruits, such as hot air drying, microwave-assisted drying, microwave-assisted hot air drying and combined microwave-vacuum and freeze drying.In this study, the drying performance of fluidized-bed drying and microwave-assisted fluidized-bed drying were analyzed and optimized.Carrot slices were used as the drying material.In the first study, the fluidized-bed drying (FBD) of carrot slices without any pretreatment at controlled inlet air temperatures of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C and with pretreatment methods of water blanching (WB), osmotic drying 20% sugar solution (SS) and 1% citric acid (CAS) at 60°C were conducted.The drying duration significantly decreased with the increase of drying temperature for carrot slices without any pretreatment.At the drying temperature of 60°C, there was 60% reduction in drying time for carrot slices with pre-treatment.The best fitting mathematical models to the experimental data were selected and analyzed.The pre-treatment helped to retain the natural color in the dried carrot slices.Textural strength of the dried carrot slices increased with the increase in inlet air temperature and the application of pre-treatments before drying.In the second study, the microwave-assisted fluidized-bed drying (MWFBD) of carrot slices at different initial microwave power densities and inlet air temperatures were investigated.The drying conditions such as the initial microwave power density and inlet air temperature were optimized.The drying performance of pre-treated carrot slices with Dans la seconde partie de l'étude, des essais on été effectués pour comparer la cinétique de séchage des tranches de carottes dans un lit fluidisé assisté par micro-ondes (MWFBD) opérant avec différentes densités de puissance micro-ondes et de températures d'air.Des essais ont permis de comparer l'efficacité de différents prétraitements.Les résultats obtenus ont conduit à l'optimisation des conditions de séchage et de prétraitement en fonction du temps de séchage et de la qualité des produits séchés.Des modèles mathématiques ont été développés pour représenter la cinétique de séchage des tranches de carottes dans un lit fluidisé utilisant l'effet combiné de l'air chaud et de l'énergie micro-ondes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".