Incidence and Associated Risk Factors of Neonatal Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jamal Sayed,1 Ihdaa Jamal Abdulwahab,2 Banan Bakheet Aldaadi,1 Ayman Eltahan,1 Noha Ahmed Alzahrani,2 Abdullah Jameel Aburiziza,3 Ghaida Ali Mubarak Alzahrani4 1Security Forces Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 2Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 4Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Jamal Sayed, Security Forces Hospital, Mohammed Salih Jamal Street (PO-Box 16415), Makkah, 24342, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966555265633, Email drjamal@hotmail.comPurpose: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a malformation of the hip joint that can lead to subluxation or dislocation. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective non-surgical management. The reported prevalence of DDH varies across studies.Objective: To determine the cumulative incidence of DDH based on clinical examination and diagnostic ultrasonography and to identify associated risk factors.Patients and Methods: Between January 2020 and June 2023, 279 ultrasound studies were retrieved from the Security Forces Hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. From the patients’ files, we identified risk factors for DDH, including prematurity, gender, breech presentation, mode of delivery, and family history using the Chi-square test and odds ratios (OR).Results: After excluding two cases with chromosomal abnormalities, the final cohort included 277 neonates (60.6% female) and 39.4% males. A positive family history was present in 5%, and 31.5% had a breech presentation. The Ortolani and Barlow tests indicated a DDH incidence of 8.05 per 1000 live births, while selective ultrasound confirmed an incidence of 2.13 per 1000 live births. Prematurity was significantly associated with DDH (P = 0.046), and breech presentation increased the risk approximately fourfold, OR = 3.95, P = 0.016.Conclusion: DDH incidence in Makkah aligns with global averages. Prematurity significantly increases DDH risk, and breech presentation increases the risk by approximately four times.Keywords: Saudi Arabia, developmental hip dysplasia, prevalence, family history, prematurity, Breech, cesarean section
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".