Is Age-related Macular Degeneration related to Alzheimer’s Disease? Evidence from neuroimaging and behavioural data.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a dementia caused by neurodegeneration in the brain, both are common diseases affecting older people, and studies have suggested a link between them. Cognitive impairments in language and memory, and biological changes in the eye have been found in both AD and AMD. The first aims of this thesis were to compare atrophy patterns in brain structure in AMD, AD, and age-matched controls both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Cross-sectional data revealed significantly thinner entorhinal cortex and angular gyrus in late AMD compared to controls, while longitudinal results found accelerated thinning in entorhinal cortex and decelerated thinning in the inferior frontal gyrus in early AMD (non-significant patterns). Both cross-sectional and longitudinal results suggest that there are shared patterns of neurodegeneration for AMD and mild AD. However, comparing participants with early and late-stage AMD found that entorhinal cortex is affected in early AMD, while the occipital pole is affected in late AMD, suggesting AMD has its own neurodegenerative pattern. Finally, the relationship between brain structure, physical activity levels (lifestyle and exercise), and cognitive function was assessed in AMD and control participants. A positive correlation was found between lifestyle and exercise physical activity and entorhinal cortex (non-significant medium-to-large effect), but only lifestyle was positively correlated with the hippocampus (non-significant medium effect). However, cortical measures were not positively associated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores measuring global cognitive function. Overall, this thesis reveals that AMD and AD have similar but diverging patterns of change in brain structures, and that changes in physical activity levels may modulate brain changes. Altogether, the findings suggest that AMD patients are at risk of experiencing atrophying brain structures involved in cognitive function beyond occipital visual regions that may increase the risk of developing AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".